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What Is Decarboxylation? How Do I Decarb My Own Cannabis?

Decarboxylation is essential for anyone who is interested in using raw or dried cannabis in any kind of edible. Learn more about this process and how to do it.

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How To Decarb Cannabis

What Is Decarboxylation?

Decarboxylation is the chemical reaction that changes compounds inside a marijuana plant to turn them into THC, CDB and other cannabinoids. Decarboxylation is essential for anyone who is interested in using raw or dried cannabis in any kind of edible.

THCa to THC Decarboxylation
THCa to THC Decarboxylation

Why Heat Cannabis?

Heating cannabis makes it more potent. Additionally, the psychoactive compounds within marijuana plants are activated, resulting in a high feeling. THC and CBD are produced by decarboxylation of cannabis. CBD and THC, for example, must undergo this process before they can be absorbed by the body. Lighting a joint or a bong instantly decarbs cannabis allowing it to be absorbed.

Cannabis edibles require decarboxylation before making.
Cannabis edibles require decarboxylation before making.

Cannabis Needs Decarboxylation

Cannabis edibles, cannabis topicals, cannabis oils, and other cannabis products require decarboxylation to be activated. Decarboxylation of cannabis is required before cooking, baking, or extracting oils from dried cannabis flower buds to get the benefits of activated CBD or THC. 

Dry bud being decarboxylated
Dry bud being decarboxylated

Raw cannabinoids

A cannabinoid compound that isn’t cooked, or not decarboxylated, is called an acid. Burning buds is essentially instantaneous decarboxylation, which converts inactive cannabinoids (THCA and CBDA) into their active counterparts (THC and CBD).

Cannabis Phytocannabinoid Decarboxylation Chart

You Can Decarb at Home

Decarboxylation can be done at home! Just remember decarbing edibles with lower heat over longer periods of time helps retain cannabinoids (especially THC, which produces the psychoactive effects) and terpenes (the aromatic compounds in plants that provide cannabis with its flavor). I like to line a baking tray with parchment paper. Break up the cannabis into small pieces and have it spread out on the tray. Then bake it accordingly.

Steps to Decarb Cannabis
Steps to Decarb Cannabis

Bake To Get Baked

Whether it’s baked brownies, cannabis edibles, cannabis topicals, cannabis oils, and other cannabis products decarbing is a must to make it activated. You just have to do a little baking before getting baked!


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Introducing HippyTV by Kief Studio: The Ultimate Hub for Content Creators

HippyTV by Kief Studio offers services tailored for creators in the cannabis community and beyond. Dive in to find out how HippyTV can empower you.

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HippyTV The Ultimate Hub for Content Creators

If you’re a content creator looking for a one-stop solution to all your creative needs, you’ve landed at the right place. HippyTV, by Kief Studio, is designed to empower creators across multiple platforms—YouTube, Twitch, X (formerly Twitter), Kick, TikTok, Instagram, Reels, and more. Let’s dive into what makes HippyTV an unparalleled choice for creators.

Empowering the Modern Creator

We get it. The world of content creation is vast, with ever-changing algorithms and trends. HippyTV is your compass in this maze, specifically tailored for creators in the cannabis community and those who share a passion for counterculture.

A Comprehensive Suite of Services

  • Apparel and Artistry: Discover a collection of shirts and graphics that embody the spirit of our generation.
  • Video & Logo Services: Craft your story with our top-notch video and logo designs.
  • Streamlined Streaming: Get expert support for all your streaming needs, whether you use OBS, Streamlabs, Stream Elements, or more.
  • Digital Tools: Utilize our custom Discord bots to stay synced with your community at all times.

Why HippyTV is Your Best Bet

  1. Do It Right the First Time: From mod bots to E-commerce websites, we provide a full range of services so you can focus on what you do best—creating.
  2. SEO-Optimized Content: Improve your online visibility with our suite of SEO tools and guides.
  3. Community-Centric Approach: Grow a loyal and engaged fan base with our community management and growth strategies.
  4. Tailored Tutorials: Access easy-to-follow tutorials to unlock the full potential of your digital tools.
  5. Affiliate & Monetization Guidance: Turn your passion into a profession with our expert monetization strategies.

By the Numbers

  • Over 300 content creators served
  • More than 1,000 graphics and logos built
  • Over 500 videos and streams edited
About HippyTV

HippyTV is a full-service platform run by Kief Studio, offering marketing, design, programming, audio, video, and art solutions. What began as a Twitter service has now transformed into a comprehensive platform for content creators.

So, are you ready to take your content creation to the next level?

Click here to join the HippyTV family today!

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Lifestyle

Eccentricity: Unusual Hobbies Across the Globe

Embark on a whimsical journey through the realm of quirky and eccentric hobbies with “Eccentricity: Unusual Hobbies Across the Globe!” Explore the thrilling landscapes with Extreme Ironing enthusiasts, sculpt transient beauty with soap, roll down hills chasing cheese, create pixelated masterpieces with spreadsheets, float in serenity with Indoor Skydiving Yoga, groom vibrant visions on furry friends, and join the quacking challenges of Competitive Duck Herding! Celebrate the diversity and creativity of the human spirit as we uncover the stories, communities, and cultural impacts of these extraordinary pastimes!

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stoner.boston unusual hobbies

Welcome to a journey through the quirkiest corners of human creativity, where Eccentricity explores Unusual Hobbies Across the Globe! This venture uncovers the extraordinary realms where ironing meets adventure, soap turns into ephemeral art, wheels of cheese become racing stars, spreadsheets morph into canvases, yoga takes flight, dogs transform into vibrant masterpieces, and ducks quack their way through competitive herding. Unravel the fascinating stories, diverse communities, and cultural richness that lie beneath these unconventional pastimes, and celebrate the boundless imagination that makes our world a truly colorful tapestry!

Extreme Ironing – Pressing On in the Wilderness

The Origin Story

Our journey into the eccentric begins with the peculiar yet intriguing Extreme Ironing. Tracing its roots to Leicester, England, we find Phil Shaw, an ordinary man with an extraordinary vision, turning a mundane chore into an adrenaline-fueled adventure. This unconventional combination of ironing and extreme environments sparked curiosity, leading to a worldwide community of thrill-seekers eager to flatten creases on mountaintops, underwater, or even mid-air!

The Rise of a Global Community

Fueled by the Internet and social media, Extreme Ironing enthusiasts from different corners of the globe connected, sharing stories of their daring exploits and plans for the next adventure. The community’s growth peaked with the organization of the Extreme Ironing World Championships in 2002, which saw competitors from around ten countries showcase their ironing prowess in challenging environments.

A Closer Look: Extreme Ironing World Championships

The Championships brought together a diverse group of ironists, each eager to outdo the other in creativity and skill. The competition had various categories, including urban, water, forest, and freestyle, allowing participants to push the boundaries of the sport. The event garnered media attention, further propelling Extreme Ironing into the global spotlight.

Extreme-ironing-a-unusual-hobby
Extreme ironing an unusual hobby.

Fun Fact

Did you know that Ben Gibbons set a world record for the highest altitude Extreme Ironing on Mount Everest at an altitude of 5,440 meters? Talk about taking your chores to new heights!

Soap Sculpting – Delicate Designs in Transience

Delving into the fragrant world of soap sculpting, we discover a delicate dance between impermanence and beauty. Originating in Thailand, this ephemeral art form started as a means to create decorative floats for the Loy Krathong festival. The intricate designs, primarily floral, are a testament to the artist’s skill and the transient nature of the medium.

Worldwide Recognition and Artistic Exchange

As soap sculpting gained international recognition, artists from different countries participated in exhibitions, showcasing their unique interpretations and techniques. The global platform allowed for cultural and artistic exchange, contributing to the evolution of this delicate craft. Workshops and institutions offering courses in soap sculpting have further nurtured aspiring artists, ensuring the art form’s continued growth.

A Closer Look: International Soap Sculpting Competitions

These competitions serve as a convergence point for artists worldwide, fostering a sense of community and mutual appreciation for the craft. The events highlight the diversity of designs and the innovative use of a medium that is both tactile and fragrant. Artists compete for accolades, pushing the boundaries of what can be achieved with a bar of soap.

Soap Sculpting
Soap Sculpting

Fun Fact

The intricacy of soap sculpting has led to the creation of designs that can take up to several days to complete, only to dissolve gradually when used!

Cheese Rolling – Chasing Wheels of Fortune

Cheese rolling involves chasing wheels of cheese down dangerously steep hills in England. Dating back over 200 years, it began as a celebratory tradition but evolved into a risky spectacle. Competitors tumble down the slope, risking major injury in hopes of catching the cheese.

Community, Camaraderie and Controversy

While official events got cancelled due to hazards, enthusiasts still come together to uphold the tradition. The atmosphere combines danger with communal festivity. However, cheese rolling draws criticism from safety advocates concerned about injuries. Thrill seekers argue traditions evolve naturally.

Fun Fact

In 1997, a cheese reached a top speed of 70 mph due to the steepness of the slope! Faster than many cars accelerate!

Spreadsheet Art – Beauty in Numbers

Spreadsheet art uses the grids of Excel or other spreadsheet software to create digital artwork pixel-by-pixel. Artists build complex images by coloring spreadsheet cells and relying on natural gradients. Detail emerges as viewers zoom out on thousands of tiny cells.

Online Galleries and Algorithmic Artwork

Spreadsheet artists share their artwork online and enthuse about the creative possibilities within mundane software. Some artists program spreadsheet formulas to algorithmically generate parts of their images. The hobby sits at the intersection of mathematics, digital art, and computer programming. As a digital artist- this is something that is going on my list of things to try!

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A non traditional hobby is making art in exel.
A non traditional hobby is making art in exel.

Fun Fact

Microsoft even hosted an art competition to showcase Excel’s hidden artistic potential, attracting over 1,000 submissions!

Indoor Skydiving Yoga – Zen in the Wind

Elevating Traditional Practice

Indoor Skydiving Yoga offers a harmonious blend of serenity and exhilaration. This innovative practice challenges the traditional norms of yoga, introducing an element of dynamism through the use of vertical wind tunnels. Practitioners experience heightened concentration, balance, and body awareness as they strike yoga poses while floating mid-air.

The Formation of Dedicated Communities

The uniqueness of Indoor Skydiving Yoga has given rise to dedicated communities that explore and promote the benefits of this unconventional practice. Participants often describe a sense of liberation and heightened self-awareness, attributing these benefits to the combination of aerial movement and meditative focus.

A Closer Look: Benefits of Indoor Skydiving Yoga

This practice offers both physical and mental benefits, including improved muscle strength, enhanced focus, and stress relief. The challenge of maintaining yoga poses while suspended in air adds a new dimension to the practice, encouraging participants to explore their limits and develop a deeper connection with their bodies.

Indoor Skydiving Yoga
Indoor Skydiving Yoga

Fun Fact

Indoor Skydiving Yoga practitioners often use visualization techniques to enhance their experience, imagining themselves floating above clouds or hovering over scenic landscapes!

Competitive Dog Grooming – Vibrant Visions in Fur

Unleashing Creativity on Four Legs

In the world of Competitive Dog Grooming, groomers and their canine companions collaborate to bring vibrant visions to life. Utilizing safe dyes and expert grooming techniques, groomers create elaborate designs, ranging from pop culture references to fantastical creatures, all showcased on the dogs’ fur.

A Platform for Artistic Expression and Animal Welfare

The competitions provide a stage for groomers to exhibit their talents while adhering to guidelines that prioritize the well-being of the participating dogs. These events celebrate the unique bond between humans and animals and the limitless possibilities of creative expression, all while ensuring the safety and comfort of the furry models.

A Closer Look: Themes and Designs

Competitive Dog Grooming has seen a plethora of themes and designs, with groomers drawing inspiration from movies, nature, and mythology. The intricate designs require hours of meticulous work, showcasing the groomers’ dedication and the dogs’ patience and trust.

Unusual hobbies- competitive dog grooming.
Unusual hobbies- competitive dog grooming.

Fun Fact

Some dogs seem to enjoy the grooming process and the attention they receive during competitions, adding an extra layer of joy to the events!

Competitive Duck Herding – Quacking Up a Challenge

Setting the Feathers in Motion

Who would have thought that the tranquil and amiable duck could be the center of a hobby as eccentric and delightful as Competitive Duck Herding? Originating from rural traditions where ducks were herded for agricultural purposes, this quirky activity has evolved into a form of competition that has enthusiasts flocking together to showcase their herding prowess.

Duck Herding Communities – A Quack Pack of Hobbies

Bridging the gap between rural traditions and modern-day amusement, Competitive Duck Herding has hatched communities worldwide. Participants, affectionately known as “duck herders,” gather in open spaces, armed with enthusiasm and herding sticks, guiding ducks through obstacle courses in a race against time. The camaraderie among competitors and the cheerful quacking of ducks create an atmosphere of joy and friendly rivalry.

A Closer Look: Duck Herding Competitions

The world of Competitive Duck Herding is adorned with events that celebrate the unique bond between humans and ducks. The competitions are structured around obstacle courses, with herders guiding a flock of ducks through a series of challenges. The goal? To demonstrate agility, cooperation, and, most importantly, the harmonious connection between the herder and the feathered participants.

Points of Interest: Obstacle Courses

The obstacle courses in these competitions are ingeniously designed, incorporating water features, bridges, and gates, challenging both the ducks and the herders. The courses are a test of strategy, patience, and understanding of duck behavior, with herders vying for the title of the ultimate duck guide.

Competitive Duck Herding
Competitive Duck Herding

Fun Fact

Ducks used in the competitions are often trained from a young age, and they form a close bond with their herders. Some ducks even display a playful personality, adding an extra layer of entertainment to the competitions!

Impact on Popular Culture

The charm of Competitive Duck Herding has not gone unnoticed in popular culture. The activity has been featured in various television shows and documentaries, highlighting the quirky and endearing nature of herding ducks. These portrayals have contributed to the growing interest in the hobby, inspiring more people to join the “quack pack.”

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Eccentric Hobbies All Wrapped Up

From the adrenaline-fueled heights of Extreme Ironing to the delicate, ephemeral art of Soap Sculpting, each hobby unveils a unique facet of human creativity. Dive into the chaotic thrill of Cheese Rolling, marvel at the pixelated masterpieces of Spreadsheet Art, and find Zen amidst the wind with Indoor Skydiving Yoga. Witness the vibrant expressions of Competitive Dog Grooming and join the cheerful quackery of Competitive Duck Herding. These unconventional pastimes, each with its distinct community and cultural impact, are a testament to the boundless imagination and adventurous spirit that define us. Subscribe for more silliness!

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Lifestyle

Scented Secrets: 5 Terpenes You’ve Met Outside the Cannabis World!

Terpenes are the aromatic compounds responsible for the distinctive smells of cannabis strains. Over 200 different terpenes have been identified in the cannabis plant, each contributing to the wide spectrum of flavors, aromas, and effects. By understanding terpene profiles, consumers can select strains intentionally based on desired benefits. Beyond cannabis, these same terpenes that bring nuanced fragrance to bud also exist abundantly across the natural world. For example, the terpene limonene lends a zesty lemon scent when found in citrus fruits or cannabis. Myrcene produces an earthy, musky aroma reminiscent of cloves in both mango and some cannabis strains. Pinene conveys a pine forest scent whether in conifers or in a particular cannabis cultivar. Discovering terpenes both in and out of cannabis offers a deeper appreciation for these fragrant compounds.

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Terpenes you've met outside the cannabis world.

Terpenes are aromatic compounds found abundantly in nature, especially in plants. These complex hydrocarbons are responsible for the distinctive smells we associate with plants – from the fresh lemon zing of citrus fruits to the soothing lavender fragrance of certain flowers.

In the cannabis plant, terpenes alongside cannabinoids like THC and CBD contribute to the wide spectrum of aromas, flavors, and effects found across different strains. Terpene profiles vary widely from strain to strain resulting in unique sensory experiences.

Citrus fruits have terpenes.
Citrus fruits have terpenes.

Understanding terpenes allows us to better appreciate the nuanced palate of cannabis. It also enables more targeted consumption by choosing strains with terpene profiles that align with desired effects and benefits.

Beyond the cannabis plant, terpenes play vital roles across the plant kingdom. They help attract pollinators and repel predators in nature. Their practical applications for humans span our food, medicines, cosmetics and more.

What Exactly Are Terpenes?

Terpenes are a large, diverse class of aromatic organic compounds produced in plants as well as some insects. The term “terpenes” refers to a broad category of hydrocarbons that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms.

They are synthesized in plant cells from precursor molecules such as pyrophosphates. Terpenes exist as oily liquids and evaporate easily at standard temperature and pressure. Most terpenes share a common molecular formula: C10H16

Terpenes alongside terpenoids (their oxygenated derivatives) comprise the largest group of phytochemicals, accounting for over 50,000 distinct compounds. They are the main constituents of plant essential oils and resins.

Chemically, terpenes consist of repeating isoprene units. The number of isoprene units determines terpene classification:

  • Monoterpenes – 2 isoprene units (C10H16)
  • Sesquiterpenes – 3 isoprene units (C15H24)
  • Diterpenes – 4 isoprene units (C20H32)
  • Triterpenes – 6 isoprene units (C30H48)
  • Tetraterpenes – 8 isoprene units (C40H64)
You know how we use LEGO blocks to build tall towers? Each type of tower here is like a different kind of chemical. And the blocks they're made of are called isoprene units. The more blocks, the bigger the tower! So, monoterpenes are like towers with 2 blocks, sesquiterpenes with 3 blocks, and so on.
For more of a visual understanding- think of each isoprene unit like a block, blocks that make towers. Each type of tower here is like a different kind of chemical. And the blocks they’re made of are called isoprene units. The more blocks, the bigger the tower! So, monoterpenes are like towers with 2 blocks, sesquiterpenes with 3 blocks, and so on.

The diverse molecular structures of terpenes are responsible for an equally wide spectrum of aromas, flavors, and effects. Subtle differences in their chemical structure can produce noticeably different smells.

For example, limonene and pinene both contain 10 carbon atoms but limonene has a lemon aroma while pinene smells resinous. These distinctive aromatic compounds interact with cell receptors in our nose impacting fragrance perception.

Terpenes in Cannabis: The Entourage Effect

Over 200 different terpenes have been identified in the cannabis plant. The mix of terpenes alongside cannabinoids like THC and CBD produce the Entourage Effect – a synergistic interaction that shapes the effects and aromas of different cannabis strains.

5 common terpenes found in and outside of the cannabis world:

Myrcene

This is the most predominant terpene in cannabis. Myrcene produces an earthy, musky aroma resembling cloves. It is commonly found in fruits like mango and herbs like hops. Myrcene induces relaxing, sedative effects. It also increases cell permeability allowing other terpenes and cannabinoids to better absorb.

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Mango's contain myrcene which is a cannabis terpene that is common in other things we know.
Mango’s contain myrcene which is a cannabis terpene that is common in other things we know.

Pinene

As the name suggests, pinene produces a piney aroma much like a pine forest. It is found in conifers like pine trees and pine needles as well as herbs like rosemary and basil. Pinene acts as a bronchodilator potentially boosting airflow and alertness. It also enhances memory and concentration. Pinene also has various medicinal benefits.

Pinene can be found in various common things, like basil, pine needles, and pine trees.

Limonene

This terpene has a strong citrusy smell evocative of lemon zest. It is naturally abundant in citrus fruits. Limonene quickens metabolism and raises serotonin levels for improved mood. It has anti-anxiety and stress-relieving properties. As a potent antibacterial and antifungal, limonene also promotes immunity.

Lemons and cannabis have limonene in common.
Lemons and cannabis have limonene in common.

Caryophyllene

This is the only terpene that directly interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system. It has a spicy, peppery scent and taste. Caryophyllene is also found in spices like black pepper and cloves. It functions as a powerful anti-inflammatory and pain-reliever. It also reduces anxiety.

Black pepper has terpenes like Caryophyllene.
Black pepper has terpenes like Caryophyllene.

Linalool

One of the most fragrant terpenes, linalool produces a floral lavender aroma. It is prevalent in lavender as well as mint. Linalool helps induce relaxation and sleep. It works as an anxiolytic agent that calms the nervous system bringing an overall sense of peace. It also boosts immunity.

Lavender contains linalool.
Lavender contains linalool.

The diverse terpene structures create an orchestra of flavors and effects in cannabis strains. Some strains will be more abundant in certain terpenes producing targeted benefits. For example, limonene-dominant strains can energize and thwart stress while linalool-rich strains can relax both body and mind.

Understanding terpene profiles allows consumers to identify strains better suited for desired needs whether that’s energy, focus, creativity, sleep or pain relief.

Terpenes in Everyday Life

Beyond the cannabis plant, terpenes play indispensable roles across the plant kingdom. Plants produce these aromatic compounds to attract pollinators like insects and repel predators like herbivores.

Plants produce these aromatic compounds to attract pollinators like insects.
Plants produce these aromatic compounds to attract pollinators like insects.

The fragrant terpene bouquets advertise nectar rewards to potential pollinators. These scented chemical cues also enable plant communication – signaling danger or summoning beneficial predators when pests are present.

For humans, terpenes have a diverse array of applications in our everyday lives. We may not know it, but terpenes impact much of what we eat, smell and use daily.

Here are some common uses of terpenes:

Fragrance Industry

The perfume industry relies heavily on terpenes to craft distinctive scents and fragrances. Limonene lends a lemon verbena zing while more woodsy terpenes like pine and cedar provide an earthy base. Floral terpenes like linalool and geraniol are used for their rosy aromas.

Terpene isolates are also used to create aromatic oils and candles
Terpene isolates are also used to create aromatic oils and candles

Companies isolate or synthetize particular terpenes to produce unique proprietary perfumes and colognes. Terpene isolates are also used to create aromatic oils and candles.

Food Industry

Terpenes contribute to the sensorial experience of eating through taste and smell. Limonene brings a citrusy flavor, pinene an herbal quality, and menthol a minty cooling sensation.

The food industry maximizes terpenes to elevate flavors. For example, terpenes called R-carvones provide spearmint flavoring. Menthol cools sensation in gum and candy. Thyme and oregano owe their robustness to terpenes like thymol.

Terpene isolates are also used to create aromatic oils and candles.
Terpene isolates are also used to create aromatic oils and candles.

Terpenes are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) additives by the FDA to enhance taste, aroma, and preservation. They Terpene isolates are also used to create aromatic oils and candles

Health and Medicine

Some terpenes exhibit therapeutic properties from anti-inflammatory to antimicrobial. The phytochemical potential of terpenes is now being researched for health applications.

For example, limonene has gastroprotective effects useful in managing acid reflux and heartburn. Pinene helps clear airways – it is even being investigated as a natural bronchodilator. Linalool and caryophyllene have anxiolytic properties that ease stress and anxiety.

Terpenes feature prominently in aromatherapy. Inhaling lavender oil high in linalool targets mood disorders. Terpenes like borneol are also used in traditional Chinese medicine. As more research emerges, terpene therapies may grow in popularity.

Cleaning and Cosmetics

Citrus-scented cleaners leverage limonene for its clean, freshening aroma and antimicrobial potency. Linalool and eucalyptol (minty terpene) are used in hygiene products for their pleasant scents and germ-fighting abilities.

Common Terpenes in cleaning products and cosmetics.
Common Terpenes in cleaning products and cosmetics.

Some terpenes even dissolve grease and oil. D-limonene (citrus peel extract) is often listed as an active ingredient in all-purpose cleaners and degreasers. It breaks up grime and grease naturally without synthetic chemicals.

Cosmetics also capitalize on terpenes. Linalool offers a delicate floral scent to lotions. Limonene and pinene infuse an uplifting aroma to products. Menthol provides cooling sensation. Cosmetics leverage the fragrance, flavor and bioactive properties of terpenes.

Pest Control

Given their natural bioactivity, terpenes have a long history of use as insecticides and pest repellents. Citronella oil high in citronellol wards off mosquitoes. Other terpenes work as natural solutions against fleas, moths, roaches and plant diseases.

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terpenes_natural_pesticides
Terpenes are natures natural pesticides.

With increased pest resistance to synthetic pesticides, terpene-based insecticides and repellents offer safer and eco-friendly alternatives. They biodegrade rapidly avoiding environmental accumulation.

Industrial Applications Some terpenes work as green solvents for their ability to dissolve substances. D-limonene safely dissolves oils, waxes, greases and resins. It replaces harsh solvents like toluene as an ecologically-friendly option.

The adhesive industry uses terpene derivatives in formulas for pressure-sensitive tapes, labels, laminates and more. Terpenes can also wet surfaces helping adhesive spread and penetrate better.

This is just a sampling of the many practical uses and applications of terpenes in our everyday lives. Their multi-sensory properties coupled with ecological advantages make terpenes highly versatile across many industries from food to medicine and beyond.

The Abundance of Terpenes in Nature

Terpenes represent the largest and most widespread class of phytochemicals in the plant kingdom. They are produced profusely as main constituents of essential oils and resins.

Beyond aroma and flavor, terpenes play vital ecological roles for plant survival. As potent biochemicals, terpenes help plants:

Terpenes_are_abundant_in_nature.jpg
Terpenes are abundant in nature.
  • Attract pollinators
  • Deter herbivores
  • Repel or kill pests/pathogens
  • Mediate symbiotic relationships.

Plants utilize terpenes as chemical messengers in communication, defense and reproduction. Some terpenes are toxic to competing plants inhibiting growth (allelopathy). Others alter soil chemistry to gain a competitive edge.

Given their ecological importance, terpenes are ubiquitous across the plant kingdom. They are found in abundance in:

Fruits – Most fruits contain high concentrations of terpenes that give them distinct aromas, flavors and colors. Citrus fruits are abundant in limonene while muskmelon has characteristic muscone (musk terpene). Mangoes brim with myrcene conveying lush, fruity notes. Even the characteristic flavors of apples (pinene) and grapes (linalool) arise from terpenes.

Herbs and Spices – Pungent herbs and spices owe their fragrance and taste to terpenes. Black pepper teems with caryophyllene while eucalyptol brings the cool sensation of mint. Thyme and oregano get their robust herbal quality from thymol and carvacrol terpenes. Ginger gets its zing from shogaols and zingerone. The piquant aroma of cloves comes from eugenol.

Flowers and Plants – Flowers across various species produce terpenes to attract pollinators. Lavender contains bountiful linalool bringing its soothing floral aroma. Similarly, geraniol and nerol terpenes impart the sweet rose fragrance to roses. Conifers are loaded with pinene giving forests their pine scent. Even cannabis showcases over 140 different terpenes.

Insects and Animals – Terpenes are not exclusive to the plant kingdom. Insects like swallowtail butterflies biosynthesize terpenes for defense. Their caterpillars absorb terpenes from host plants making themselves toxic or distasteful to predators. Some terpenoids found in truffles and cannabis may originate from microbial production.

In short, terpenes are integral natural compounds found across the biological world. Their production spans the plant, insect and microbial domains. Next time you catch a whiff of pine, lavender or cloves, that’s the sensory power of terpenes!

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The Entourage Effect: How Terpenes Interact with Other Compounds

In nature, terpenes rarely exist in isolation. More often, a mix of terpenes alongside other phytochemicals creates synergistic interactions that shape plant characteristics.

This biochemical “entourage effect” underlies the aroma, taste, color and medicinal benefits of plants.

Terpenes role in the entourage effect.
Terpenes role in the entourage effect.

Some key entourage effects of terpenes include:

Terpenes + Flavonoids

Flavonoids are color pigments in plants. Their interaction with terpenes influences flower color. Blue flowers owe their hue to anthocyanin flavonoids. Coexisting terpenes stabilize and modify the anthocyanin molecules producing variegated shades.

Terpenes + Cannabinoids

In cannabis, limonene amplifies absorption of THC and CBD through the blood-brain barrier. Myrcene also increases cell permeability allowing more cannabinoids to reach receptors. The terpene caryophyllene even binds to CB2 receptors directly making it psychoactive.

Terpenes + Curcuminoids

Curcumin, the main bioactive in turmeric, is fat soluble. Terpenes like d-limonene help curcumin dissolve and become more bioavailable to the body. This synergy enhances the anti-inflammatory benefits.

As these examples show, terpenes modulate bioactivity of other plant molecules from pigments to cannabinoids. The overall effect is amplified and balanced. Isolating single molecules misses these entourage benefits.

How Are Terpenes Created in Plants?

Terpenes are biosynthesized from basic molecular building blocks within plant cells. The primary precursor molecules for terpene synthesis include:

Terpenes are created by the plant.
Terpenes are created by the plant.

Acetyl Co-A – Derived from glycolysis, this coenzyme donates 2-carbon units
IPP (Isopentenyl pyrophosphate) – Formed from acetyl Co-A, IPP is a 5-carbon precursor
DMAPP (Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate) – Rearranged from IPP, DMAPP contains 5 carbons
IPP and DMAPP combine in a head-to-tail configuration to form monoterpenes, the C10 precursors to all terpenes.

This basic reaction is catalyzed by terpene synthase enzymes. Through alkylation, cyclization and oxidation steps, IPP and DMAPP are converted into the vast diversity of terpene structures.

For example, limonene synthase rearranges the geranyl pyrophosphate precursor into limonene. Further enzymatic steps add functional groups producing terpenoid derivatives.

The genes encoding these terpene synthesis enzymes have been widely studied and engineered in microbes for enhanced terpene production.

Certain growing conditions can also boost terpene content. Slow-dried cannabis often has higher terpene levels than rapidly dried cannabis. Stressors like high UV light and low nutrients may also stimulate terpene production.

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Health Benefits of Key Terpenes

While research is still emerging, some terpenes appear to offer therapeutic properties and health benefits. Here are a few well-studied terpenes with promising bioactivity:

Limonene

This abundant terpene has well-researched anticancer effects. It induces cancer cell death and restricts tumor growth. Limonene’s antioxidant action also promotes heart health. As a potent antibacterial and antifungal, limonene boosts immunity and battles pathogens. It relieves heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux when taken orally.

Pinene

Used medicinally since ancient times, pinene exhibits potent antimicrobial effects against a broad range of bacteria, fungi and viruses. It acts as an expectorant to help clear airways. Pinene’s ability to cross the blood-brain barrier also makes it neuroprotective.

Caryophyllene

This is the only terpene known to directly activate endocannabinoid receptors. It selectively binds to CB2 receptors producing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects similar to cannabinoids. Caryophyllene holds promise for pain relief and autoimmune conditions.

Linalool

With its calming floral aroma, linalool is a proven anxiolytic that alleviates anxiety, stress and depression. It acts on GABA receptors and serotonin pathways bringing relaxation and improved mood. Linalool also completely inhibits growth of certain fungi and bacteria.

Clearly, terpenes are more than just aromatic compounds. From anxiety to pain, infection to inflammation, targeted terpenes may offer therapeutic benefits in the future. However, more rigorous research in humans is still needed.

Let’s Wrap it Up!

Terpenes constitute the largest class of phytochemicals performing vital roles across the plant kingdom. They contribute to plant communication, defense and reproduction. For humans, terpenes impart tantalizing aromas and flavors that make foods more palatable and even bioactive.

Terpenes are present in cleaning and cosmetic products, food and beverage, medicine and more.
Terpenes are present in cleaning and cosmetic products, food and beverage, medicine and more.

In cannabis, terpenes alongside cannabinoids create the Entourage Effect that shapes strain-specific characteristics. Analyzing terpene profiles enables more intentional consumption based on desired effects and benefits.

Beyond cannabis, terpenes have diverse applications across our everyday lives. They are ubiquitous in cleaning and cosmetic products, food and beverage, medicine and more. Nature’s biochemical factory has crafted over 50,000 terpene structures contributing sensory richness and ecological intimacy to the world.

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